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- إنضم
- 7 فبراير 2008
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السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
عندي كم موضوع و محتاجه احد يساعدني في تلخيصها ضروري الاسبوع هذا ,,
المطلوب من كل موضوع :
1 / The main idea
2/ the copy sentence
3/ summary
و هذي هي المواضيع ( 4 مواضيع ) :20:
The British always like to talk about what class a person’s in. A lot of people think they aren’t in any class –
but the British can always put them in one!
The class you’re in comes from the work that you do and the work that your parents did. Factory workers, miners, waiters and shop assistants are the working classes. Cousins of the Queen, people who live in castles and everyone whose family has been rich for more than a hundred years are the upper classes.
Between the working classes and the upper classes, there are millions of people. These are the middle classes, and they’re the people who talk most about class. A lot of them are businessmen doctors, teachers and lawyers. They say that they’re the upper middle class, and think they’re much better than the lower middle class. The lower middle class is the class of shopkeepers, clerks and skilled workmen.
All this is called the class system. It started in Britain about a hundred and fifty years ago, and the British haven’t seen yet that the world today is different from the world a hundred and fifty years ago. Workmen don’t like their bosses, and bosses don’t like their workmen; but, if you ask them why, they’ll tell you that they don’t like each other because their grandfathers didn’t like each other.
The British think they can always tell someone’s class when they hear him talking. They liste[COLOR=#7******20]n[/COLOR] [COLOR=#7******1f]t[/COLOR][COLOR=#7******1f]o[/COLOR] his accent, and then they say: "Yes, he speaks working-class English," or "He speaks very good English. I think he comes from an upper-class family. "
Working-class people usually speaks with the accent of the where they live. Most of them say "at" for hat and "ungry" for hungry: when they do this, the British say that they’re dropping their hs. The middle classes speak the upper classes. The upper classes speak with their mouths nearly closed; their English is like English spoken under water!
A lot of people go from one class to another, and then they try to change their accent. But they can’t often hide their old accent, and you can usually tell which class they come from.
People usually try to go up into a higher class; but today the British think it’s very good to be born in the working classes. So a lot middle – class teachers, writers and politicians try to speak like the working classes. They tell people they were born poor and have worked hard.
Today, the upper classes haven’t got much money. They must pay large taxes, and it’s very expensive to repair their big houses and castles. So they show their homes to tourist[COLOR=#372******]s[/COLOR] [COLOR=#372******]t[/COLOR][COLOR=#382******]o[/COLOR] make enough money to pay their bills. But the wages of the working classes get bigger every year, because there aren’t enough people to work in the factories. The working – class man often has a bigger car and better clothes than the upper- class man!
Islamic Calendar
The Muslim Era began with the great event of the Hijrah of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions from Makkah to Madinah. The adoption of this event as the beginning of the Muslim Era took place in the Caliphate of `Umar ibn Al-Khattab, the second Caliph.
The Muslim calendar is lunar, and its months are determined by the various positions of the moon. In every year there are twelve months, and each month is either thirty or twenty-nine days depending on the position of the moon. These months are:
1. Muharram
2. Safar
3. Rabi` al-Awwal
4. Rabi` ath-Thani
5. Jumada al-Ula (also known as Jumada al-Awwal)
6. Jumada al-Ukhra (also known as Jumada ath-Thani)
7. Rajab
8. Sha`ban
9. Ramadan
10. Shawwal
11. Dhul-Qi`dah
12. Dhul-Hijjah
Every week has one special day to remember and observe. This is Friday, and its significance stems from the Noon Congregational Prayers which must be observed by every Muslim who can attend. There are other significant occasions which should be remembered with a special observance.
1- Ramadan, the month of Fasting, in which the Qur’an was revealed.
2- The Night of Honor and Excellence of Qadr which may be celebrated on the eve of twenty-third or the twenty-fifth or the twenty-seventh of Ramadan.
3- `Eid al-Fitr (Feast of Breaking the Fast of Ramadan) which falls on the first day of Shawwal.
4- `Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice) which falls on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.
Taj Mahal
Several hundred years ago most of India was conquered and ruled by the Mughals, who followed the religion of Islam. When the emperor Jahangir ruled over northern India, his son, Prince Khurram, married Arjumand Banu Baygam.
Prince Khurram called his wife Mumtaz Mahal, meaning “chosen one of the palace.” The two were almost always together, and together they had 14 children. Prince Khurram became emperor in 1628 and was called Emperor Shah Jahan. But three years later Mumtaz Mahal died while having a baby. Shah Jahan was heartbroken. He decided to build the most beautiful monument to his wife. He had the best architects design it in a perfect blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Beginning in about 1632, over 20,000 workers labored for 22 years to create what was to become one of the wonders of the world.
The great monument was called the Taj Mahal (a form of Mumtaz Mahal’s name). It was built in the city of Agra, India, the capital of Shah Jahan’s empire. Its several buildings sit in a large garden on the South bank of the Yamuna River. From the garden’s south gateway you can see the front of the white marble mausoleum. It contains the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The mausoleum stands on a high marble platform surrounded by four minarets, or towers. Many of its walls and pillars shimmer with inlaid gemstones, including lapis lazuli, jade, crystal, turquoise, and amethyst. And verses from the Koran (the Muslim holy book) appear on many parts of the Taj. Many visitors still come to the Taj Mahal. To help protect and care for it for many years to come, the Taj was made a World Heritage site in 1983.
Humanism (1300–******0)
Humanism describes a trend of thought taking place during the European RENAISSANCE that originated as a literary movement and developed into a philosophy.Humanism was closely related to CLASSICISM, as much effort was directed toward recovering the works of writers of ancient Greece and Rome. Characterized by an interest in classical forms and subjects of poetry, spawning revolutionary ideas about education and scholarship, and aided by the diffusion of printing, humanism spread quickly from its origins in Italy to France, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Germany, and the Low Countries.
The writer most responsible for introducing humanistic ideals in Italy was PETRARCH, who selfconsciously offered Greek and Roman works as models for poetry. In his treatise On His Own Ignorance and That of Others (1368), Petrarch summed up the works of his authorities, Aristotle, Cicero, and Seneca,while emulating their style.His recovery of the classical tradition, his appreciation of the individual, his quest for earthly fame and achievement, and his sense of a dawning new age became hallmarks of the new modes of thought that spread throughout Italy. In Florence, politician Coluccio Salutati recovered Quintilian and revolutionized the teaching of rhetoric; Vergerio wrote the first modern educational tract, On Noble Customs and Liberal Studies of Adolescents (1402–03); and Leonardo Bruni’s translations made Plato, Plutarch, and Xenophon available to a
broader reading public.
While Petrarch and others like him advocated a solitary life of contemplation as the scholarly ideal, second-generation humanists felt it their duty to actively contribute to civic life, resurrecting the classical age’s republican ideals along with its literary sensibilities. At the same time, artists showed a new interest in realistic representations of the human body, as seen in the works of MICHELANGELO. Humanistic values spread rapidly among the elite, including women scholars like Alessandra Scala and Isotta Nogarola.Works like the histories of BOCCACCIO show the humanists’ perceptions that their age was witnessing a revival of learning, rather than participating in the continual decline that had marked the philosophy of the Middle Ages.
Thinkers in Spain, inheriting from both the Italian innovations and the works of the Dutch philosopher ERASMUS, used and elaborated on the gifts of humanism, including the new poetics and a revised system for historical inquiry.Humanistic scholarship reached Germany and the Low Countries through the marriage of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy in 1473, which brought Germany into the Hapsburg Empire. Though drawing on Italian sources, humanism in these countries took on a distinctly Christian character, revitalizing interest in the landmarks of Christian antiquity, like the works of Augustine. The educational philosophies developed in these circles showed a strong belief in the human potential for self-improvement, a belief shared by English educators John Cheke and Roger Ascham. Sir Thomas MORE is probably the best representative of British humanism, though his belief in freedom of thought and expression led to his beheading by Henry VIII. Also in England, Latin translations of Galen influenced medical thought as well as literary conceptions of personality.
In France, humanist thought reached its peak in the works of Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples on religion and philosophy, ideas reflected in the literature of MAROT and RABELAIS. Other humanist figures in France include Budé, who is credited with the rise of legal humanism, bringing lawyers, magistrates, and public administrators under the influence of humanist thought; and MONTAIGNE, whose works perhaps mark the outer limit of the extension of humanism. In his Essays he admits to an appreciation for the classical past but encourages forward vision and new ideas rather than a return to old ideals.
Though in the Renaissance humanism was essentially a program of study rather than a formulated philosophy, it came to encompass not only teachings in grammar, rhetoric, and history, but also ideas about moral philosophy. In the presentday sense, humanism refers to any viewpoint that is human-centered. In its own time, the humanist interest in and regard for the individual set the stage for the early modern period in Europe.
المطلوب من كل موضوع :
1 / The main idea
2/ the copy sentence
3/ summary
اتمنى تساعدوني و لو في بعضها ,, آخر موعد اقدر اسلمها يوم الثلاثاء و الله العظيم مضغوطه ع الاخر ما ادري من وين ابدأ :8:
مشكورين و جزاكم الله خير :32:
عندي كم موضوع و محتاجه احد يساعدني في تلخيصها ضروري الاسبوع هذا ,,
المطلوب من كل موضوع :
1 / The main idea
2/ the copy sentence
3/ summary
و هذي هي المواضيع ( 4 مواضيع ) :20:
The British always like to talk about what class a person’s in. A lot of people think they aren’t in any class –
but the British can always put them in one!
The class you’re in comes from the work that you do and the work that your parents did. Factory workers, miners, waiters and shop assistants are the working classes. Cousins of the Queen, people who live in castles and everyone whose family has been rich for more than a hundred years are the upper classes.
Between the working classes and the upper classes, there are millions of people. These are the middle classes, and they’re the people who talk most about class. A lot of them are businessmen doctors, teachers and lawyers. They say that they’re the upper middle class, and think they’re much better than the lower middle class. The lower middle class is the class of shopkeepers, clerks and skilled workmen.
All this is called the class system. It started in Britain about a hundred and fifty years ago, and the British haven’t seen yet that the world today is different from the world a hundred and fifty years ago. Workmen don’t like their bosses, and bosses don’t like their workmen; but, if you ask them why, they’ll tell you that they don’t like each other because their grandfathers didn’t like each other.
The British think they can always tell someone’s class when they hear him talking. They liste[COLOR=#7******20]n[/COLOR] [COLOR=#7******1f]t[/COLOR][COLOR=#7******1f]o[/COLOR] his accent, and then they say: "Yes, he speaks working-class English," or "He speaks very good English. I think he comes from an upper-class family. "
Working-class people usually speaks with the accent of the where they live. Most of them say "at" for hat and "ungry" for hungry: when they do this, the British say that they’re dropping their hs. The middle classes speak the upper classes. The upper classes speak with their mouths nearly closed; their English is like English spoken under water!
A lot of people go from one class to another, and then they try to change their accent. But they can’t often hide their old accent, and you can usually tell which class they come from.
People usually try to go up into a higher class; but today the British think it’s very good to be born in the working classes. So a lot middle – class teachers, writers and politicians try to speak like the working classes. They tell people they were born poor and have worked hard.
Today, the upper classes haven’t got much money. They must pay large taxes, and it’s very expensive to repair their big houses and castles. So they show their homes to tourist[COLOR=#372******]s[/COLOR] [COLOR=#372******]t[/COLOR][COLOR=#382******]o[/COLOR] make enough money to pay their bills. But the wages of the working classes get bigger every year, because there aren’t enough people to work in the factories. The working – class man often has a bigger car and better clothes than the upper- class man!
Islamic Calendar
The Muslim Era began with the great event of the Hijrah of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions from Makkah to Madinah. The adoption of this event as the beginning of the Muslim Era took place in the Caliphate of `Umar ibn Al-Khattab, the second Caliph.
The Muslim calendar is lunar, and its months are determined by the various positions of the moon. In every year there are twelve months, and each month is either thirty or twenty-nine days depending on the position of the moon. These months are:
1. Muharram
2. Safar
3. Rabi` al-Awwal
4. Rabi` ath-Thani
5. Jumada al-Ula (also known as Jumada al-Awwal)
6. Jumada al-Ukhra (also known as Jumada ath-Thani)
7. Rajab
8. Sha`ban
9. Ramadan
10. Shawwal
11. Dhul-Qi`dah
12. Dhul-Hijjah
Every week has one special day to remember and observe. This is Friday, and its significance stems from the Noon Congregational Prayers which must be observed by every Muslim who can attend. There are other significant occasions which should be remembered with a special observance.
1- Ramadan, the month of Fasting, in which the Qur’an was revealed.
2- The Night of Honor and Excellence of Qadr which may be celebrated on the eve of twenty-third or the twenty-fifth or the twenty-seventh of Ramadan.
3- `Eid al-Fitr (Feast of Breaking the Fast of Ramadan) which falls on the first day of Shawwal.
4- `Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice) which falls on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.
Taj Mahal
Several hundred years ago most of India was conquered and ruled by the Mughals, who followed the religion of Islam. When the emperor Jahangir ruled over northern India, his son, Prince Khurram, married Arjumand Banu Baygam.
Prince Khurram called his wife Mumtaz Mahal, meaning “chosen one of the palace.” The two were almost always together, and together they had 14 children. Prince Khurram became emperor in 1628 and was called Emperor Shah Jahan. But three years later Mumtaz Mahal died while having a baby. Shah Jahan was heartbroken. He decided to build the most beautiful monument to his wife. He had the best architects design it in a perfect blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Beginning in about 1632, over 20,000 workers labored for 22 years to create what was to become one of the wonders of the world.
The great monument was called the Taj Mahal (a form of Mumtaz Mahal’s name). It was built in the city of Agra, India, the capital of Shah Jahan’s empire. Its several buildings sit in a large garden on the South bank of the Yamuna River. From the garden’s south gateway you can see the front of the white marble mausoleum. It contains the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The mausoleum stands on a high marble platform surrounded by four minarets, or towers. Many of its walls and pillars shimmer with inlaid gemstones, including lapis lazuli, jade, crystal, turquoise, and amethyst. And verses from the Koran (the Muslim holy book) appear on many parts of the Taj. Many visitors still come to the Taj Mahal. To help protect and care for it for many years to come, the Taj was made a World Heritage site in 1983.
Humanism (1300–******0)
Humanism describes a trend of thought taking place during the European RENAISSANCE that originated as a literary movement and developed into a philosophy.Humanism was closely related to CLASSICISM, as much effort was directed toward recovering the works of writers of ancient Greece and Rome. Characterized by an interest in classical forms and subjects of poetry, spawning revolutionary ideas about education and scholarship, and aided by the diffusion of printing, humanism spread quickly from its origins in Italy to France, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Germany, and the Low Countries.
The writer most responsible for introducing humanistic ideals in Italy was PETRARCH, who selfconsciously offered Greek and Roman works as models for poetry. In his treatise On His Own Ignorance and That of Others (1368), Petrarch summed up the works of his authorities, Aristotle, Cicero, and Seneca,while emulating their style.His recovery of the classical tradition, his appreciation of the individual, his quest for earthly fame and achievement, and his sense of a dawning new age became hallmarks of the new modes of thought that spread throughout Italy. In Florence, politician Coluccio Salutati recovered Quintilian and revolutionized the teaching of rhetoric; Vergerio wrote the first modern educational tract, On Noble Customs and Liberal Studies of Adolescents (1402–03); and Leonardo Bruni’s translations made Plato, Plutarch, and Xenophon available to a
broader reading public.
While Petrarch and others like him advocated a solitary life of contemplation as the scholarly ideal, second-generation humanists felt it their duty to actively contribute to civic life, resurrecting the classical age’s republican ideals along with its literary sensibilities. At the same time, artists showed a new interest in realistic representations of the human body, as seen in the works of MICHELANGELO. Humanistic values spread rapidly among the elite, including women scholars like Alessandra Scala and Isotta Nogarola.Works like the histories of BOCCACCIO show the humanists’ perceptions that their age was witnessing a revival of learning, rather than participating in the continual decline that had marked the philosophy of the Middle Ages.
Thinkers in Spain, inheriting from both the Italian innovations and the works of the Dutch philosopher ERASMUS, used and elaborated on the gifts of humanism, including the new poetics and a revised system for historical inquiry.Humanistic scholarship reached Germany and the Low Countries through the marriage of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy in 1473, which brought Germany into the Hapsburg Empire. Though drawing on Italian sources, humanism in these countries took on a distinctly Christian character, revitalizing interest in the landmarks of Christian antiquity, like the works of Augustine. The educational philosophies developed in these circles showed a strong belief in the human potential for self-improvement, a belief shared by English educators John Cheke and Roger Ascham. Sir Thomas MORE is probably the best representative of British humanism, though his belief in freedom of thought and expression led to his beheading by Henry VIII. Also in England, Latin translations of Galen influenced medical thought as well as literary conceptions of personality.
In France, humanist thought reached its peak in the works of Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples on religion and philosophy, ideas reflected in the literature of MAROT and RABELAIS. Other humanist figures in France include Budé, who is credited with the rise of legal humanism, bringing lawyers, magistrates, and public administrators under the influence of humanist thought; and MONTAIGNE, whose works perhaps mark the outer limit of the extension of humanism. In his Essays he admits to an appreciation for the classical past but encourages forward vision and new ideas rather than a return to old ideals.
Though in the Renaissance humanism was essentially a program of study rather than a formulated philosophy, it came to encompass not only teachings in grammar, rhetoric, and history, but also ideas about moral philosophy. In the presentday sense, humanism refers to any viewpoint that is human-centered. In its own time, the humanist interest in and regard for the individual set the stage for the early modern period in Europe.
المطلوب من كل موضوع :
1 / The main idea
2/ the copy sentence
3/ summary
اتمنى تساعدوني و لو في بعضها ,, آخر موعد اقدر اسلمها يوم الثلاثاء و الله العظيم مضغوطه ع الاخر ما ادري من وين ابدأ :8:
مشكورين و جزاكم الله خير :32: